The 31-year-old beat the joint record set by Geri Halliwell and Rita Ora, who both have four number ones.
Former Girls Aloud star Cheryl performed her single I Don't Care on the X Factor last weekend, which sent it rocketing to the top of the charts.
CHERYL FERNANDEZ-VERSINI SLAMS NADINE COYLE: "SHE'S FULL OF SH*T!"
Her other chart-toppers are Fight For This Love (2009), Promise This (2010), Call My Name (2012) and Crazy Stupid Love (2014).
When BBC Radio 1's Jameela Jamil broke the news to her, Cheryl replied: "To be honest, I'm a little bit shell-shocked."
Cheryl is no stranger to chart success, having had 18 consecutive top 10 singles with Girls Aloud, four of which were number ones.
The overwhelmed star took to Twitter last night to thank her fans. She wrote: "Thank you to all of you from the bottom of my [heart] for all of your support and congrats but this one his all YOURS !!!!!! #havingamoment [sic]"
She then added: "Wow what a roller coaster of a day! I am so happy and proud of us for achieving no1 and place in history today [sic]."
Posting a picture on Instagram, holding up a commemorative wall hanging, Cheryl gushed: "Thank you so much to everyone who has supported me!!! Today we made history. I can't tell you how grateful and lucky I feel to all of you… [sic]."
Cheryl released her fourth solo studio album Only Human today.